Effect of Phosphorus and Strontium Additions on Formation Temperature and Nucleation Density of Primary Silicon in Al-19 Wt Pct Si Alloy and Their Effect on Eutectic Temperature

The influence of P and Sr additions on the formation temperature and nucleation density of primary silicon in Al-19 wt pct Si alloy has been determined, for small volumes of melt solidified at cooling rates _T of ~0.3 and 1 K/s. The proportion of ingot featuring primary silicon decreased progressively with increased Sr addition, which also markedly reduced the temperature for first formation of primary silicon and the number of primary silicon particles per unit volume �Nv: When combined with previously published results, the effects of amount of P addition and cooling rate on �Nv are in reasonable accord with �Nv� _T ¼ ðp=6fÞ1=2 109 [250 � 215 (wt pct P)0.17]�3, where �Nv is in mm�3, _T is in K/s, and f is volume fraction of primary silicon. Increased P addition reduces the eutectic temperature, while increased Sr appears to generate a minimum in eutectic temperature at about 100 ppmw Sr

Premature termination of the transmission of immunity in the runted mouse.

Hybrid mice undergoing a graft-versus-host reaction showed a decreased ability to gain a passive immunity by the passage of fed antibody across the gut to the circulation. `Cut-off', the cessation of uptake of antibody from the gut, occurs in normal mice at the age of 15–17 days. In runted mice, cut-off was virtually completed at age 11 days

A taxonomy of semantic design knowledge

Forms, either abstract or concrete always carry meanings. It is the responsibility of designers to make good use of these meanings, for example to make products beautiful, exploiting all the sensorial aesthetic languages, to stress the importance of certain values, or to improve a product’s ease of use to create and facilitate richer experiences. It is important for designers to have access to and a full understanding of the structure of product semantics and the relevant types of knowledge so that they can effectively communicate the intended "design Ideas" or messages though the different aspects of any given "thing". In this article we undertake the construction of a scheme to classify the knowledge needed to respond to the wide variety of phenomena that determine product meanings. One of the central ideas is that different knowledge sorts are needed for understanding objects and for understanding people

In search of a golden ratio for the aesthetics of movement

There is a growing interest among designers and design researchers in dynamic forms, behavior and the associated questions regarding the meaning and the aesthetics of movement. In this article we address a simple, perhaps naive, question about the aesthetics of movement: are there one or more numbers that are as fundamental in a theory of beauty in movement as the golden ratio is in two-dimensional aesthetics and the plastic number is in three dimensional aesthetics.The paper is essentially theoretical, and as such it proposes a number of hypotheses that, at least in principle, can be tested by experiment

Designing products as an integral part of choreography of interaction : the product's form as an integral part of movement

Recent developments in design research concentrate on two themes (1) the unity of form, function and interaction and (2) the semantics of movement. The Design Movement approach incorporates unity of form, function and interaction through movement. Design Movement introduces the design of products as an integral part of Choreography of Interaction, and thus as an integral part of (the design of) movement. This approach therefore puts forward a distinctive view on the relation of product form and movement in interaction design and, consequently, a view on semantics. In this paper we introduce this challenging view. In order to do so, we explain the framework of Choreography of Interaction, its motivation, and the way the ‘interaction choreographer’ uses it to create interaction. The framework is based on the idea that movement (1) is the embodiment of interaction and (2) comprises the trinity of Physical Involvement, Dynamic Quality and Expressed Meaning in interaction. The framework incorporates the way Design Movement approaches the relation of product form, movement and semantics for interaction design. We realize that theoretically describing this approach is a nearly impossible venture. In fact, only through movement, through practicing it, the idea can actually be grasped. Therefore, we commence with examples of projects to illustrate our endeavour

Semantics through embodiment: a non-linear dynamics approach to affective design

In this paper we address the creation and interpretation of movements, light and sound from a fundamental and innovative viewpoint. Using a number of concepts from the relatively new and very promising research field of nonlinear adaptive systems, and getting some inspiration from psychophysical studies on the perception of emotion we address the study of movements and other autonomous expressions of products. The goal is to understand the semantics of movement, particularly the emotional meaning of the movement and to translate it to other autonomous expressive behavior